A CONSTRUCTED LANGUAGE
8.0 ADJUNCTS
Adjuncts were introduced in Sec. 2.5. They are placed adjacent to a formative to provide further grammatical or semantic information about the formative. There are seven types of Adjuncts: Affixual, Modular, Register, Suppletive, Mood/Case-Scope, Bias, and the Parsing Adjunct, each explained in the sub-sections below.
As an alternative to placing VXCS affixes within Slots V or VII of a formative, such affixes may instead by shown by means of adjuncts placed immediately preceding the formative with which they are associated (unless the formative would otherwise be the last word of a sentence, in which case the adjunct may be placed after the formative if desired). There are two types of affixual adjuncts: a single-affix adjunct and a multiple-affix adjunct, as explained below.
8.1.1 Single-Affix Adjunct
This adjunct associates a single VXCS
affix to the following formative and provides scoping information over the
formative’s other VXCS
affixes. The tell-tale sign of this
adjunct is the V-C-(V)
form containing only one full consonant-form. Examples: ač, iakse,
etra, usmú, aull.
|
’VXCS |
VS |
Stress |
|
single standard VXCS affix |
(a) = affix applies to stem only
(not to its CA) and has
scope over all Slot V affixes (i.e., as if it were the last affix in Slot V) u = affix applies to stem only
(not to its CA) and is
subordinate to all Slot V affixes (i.e., as if it were the first affix in
Slot V) e = affix applies to both Stem
and CA and has scope
over all Slot VII affixes (i.e., as if it were the last affix in Slot VII) i = affix applies to both Stem
and CA and is
subordinate to all Slot VII affixes (i.e., as if it were the first affix in
Slot VII) o = affix has scope over the entire formative as
a whole, including Valence, Mood or Case, Illocution/Validation, etc. ö = affix has scope over the entire formative as a whole as well as other
adjacent adjuncts including a modular adjunct |
Penultimate
stress = default Ultimate
stress = affix applies to concatenated
stem only |
Example:
Adři wimžuowęi
muyum.
SBS1/1-[Slot.VII/1st.position] [default CA]-stem2/cpt-‘sexual.relations’-epd-usp ma-ind+ind-ma
‘They had sex in a hurry.’
8.1.2 Multiple-Affix Adjunct
This adjunct associates two or more affixes to a formative. The tell-tale sign is that the second
consonant-form will consist either of -h-
or a non-root consonant preceded by a glottal-stop (’h, ’w, ’y, ’hw, ’hl, or ’hr). Examples: dohast, stei’yaikra,
ëjgi’woftôm, via’hwobrigli.
|
(ë-)CSVX |
CZ |
VXCS... |
VZ |
Stress |
|
single reversed Initial CS may be preceded by ë- if phonotactically necessary |
h = preceding
affix applies to the stem only (not to its CA) and has scope over all Slot V affixes (i.e., as if
it were the last affix in Slot V) ’h = preceding affix applies to
the stem only (not to its CA)
and is subordinate to all Slot V affixes (i.e., as if it were the first affix
in Slot V) ’hl = preceding affix applies to
both Stem and CA and
has scope over all Slot VII affixes (i.e., as if it were the last affix in
Slot VII) ’hr = preceding affix applies to
both Stem and CA and is
subordinate to all Slot VII affixes (i.e., as if it were the first affix in
Slot VII) hw = preceding affix has scope
over the entire formative as a whole, including Valence, Mood or Case,
Illocution/Validation, etc. ’hw
= preceding
affix has scope over the entire
formative as a whole as well as other adjacent adjuncts including a
modular adjunct |
standard |
a = 2nd and subsequent affixes apply to stem only (not to its CA) and have scope over
all Slot V affixes (i.e., as if they
were the last affix in Slot V) u = 2nd and subsequent affixes
apply to stem only (not to its CA)
and are subordinate to all Slot V affixes (i.e., as if they were the first
affix in Slot V) e = 2nd and subsequent affixes
apply to both Stem and CA
and have scope over all Slot VII affixes (i.e., as if they were the last
affix in Slot VII) i = 2nd and subsequent affixes
apply to both Stem and CA
and are subordinate to all Slot VII affixes (i.e., as if they were the first
affix in Slot VII) o = 2nd and subsequent affixes have scope over
the entire formative as a whole, including Valence, Mood or Case,
Illocution/Validation, etc. ö = 2nd and subsequent affixes have scope over
the entire formative as a whole as
well as other adjacent adjuncts including a modular adjunct (ai) = 2nd and subsequent affixes
have the same scope as shown by CZ |
Penultimate
stress = default Ultimate
stress = affixes apply to concatenated
stem only |
A Type-3 VXCS affix used in an affixual adjunct associates to the VXCS affix named by VZ , e.g., if VZ = a, it associates to the last affix in Slot V.
Example:
Wütruöwá kru
ëţcëu’hlievče kšireö.
[default CA]-stem3/cpt-‘go.away’-lim-obs pa+1m/ben/ind
EML2/5-[Slot.VII/last.position]-AVS3/2-[Slot.VII/last.position] ‘clown’-obj-g- rsl
‘We left just in time to avoid being turned into
clowns.’
8.2 Modular Adjuncts
This adjunct has two slots corresponding to formative Slot VIII (showing Valence, Phase, Level, or Effect, in combination with Mood/Case-Scope, or showing Aspect plus Mood/Case-Scope); it can also show a single lone Aspect. When used with concatenated formatives, it normally applies to both the concatenated and parent stems but can be marked to apply to either one separately. The tell-tale sign of this adjunct is the absence of any full consonant forms other than possibly a single -n- or -ň-; the only otherwise permissible consonants are -w-, -y-, or a form consisting of or beginning with -h-.
The structure of the adjunct is shown below. Slots 2 and 3 can be “mixed and matched” to show any combination of the Slot VIII categories, including differing iterations of the same category (e.g., to show multiple aspects). Slots 1 and 4 are mandatory; the other slots are optional. Default MNO-FAC/CCN Valence+Mood/Case-Scope is zero-marked in Slot 2. Information in each successive slot scopes over the previous slot, but the adjunct as a whole does not have scope beyond its default formative Slot VIII, unless the VH value in Slot 4 of the adjunct indicates a different and specialized pattern of scoping.
Structure of a Modular Adjunct
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
’
or
w- or y- |
Valence/Phase/Level/Effect + Mood/Case-Scope |
[same as Column 2] |
Aspect or Valence/Phase/Level/Effect |
|
w = adjunct applies
to the parent formative only y = adjunct applies
to the concatenated formative only |
(VN CN |
(VN CM)) |
VN or VH |
|
CN
= h / hl / hr / hm / hn / hň For Aspect: |
CM
= n if VN
represents an Aspect, otherwise
CM = ň |
·
If only Slots 1 and
4 are filled, then Slot 4 = Aspect;
· If Slot 2 or Slots 2 and 3 are filled and stress is
penultimate, then Slot 4 = Valence or Phase or Level or Effect; ·
If Slot 2 or Slots
2 and 3 are filled and stress is ultimate, then Slot 4 = VH whose values are
shown
below. |
Slot 4 VH values (if the adjunct has ultimate stress):
a = affixes in Slots 2, 3, and 4 have successive right-to-left scope order over each other (Slot 2 < Slot 3 < Slot 4) and have scope over Case/Mood and Validation + Illocution + Expectation
e = affixes in Slots 2, 3, and 4 have successive right-to-left scope order over each other (Slot 2 < Slot 3 < Slot 4) and have scope over Case/Mood
i/u = affixes in Slots 2, 3, and 4 have successive right-to-left scope order over each other (Slot 2 < Slot 3 < Slot 4) and have scope over the formative as a whole but not any adjacent affixual adjuncts (do not use if adjacent affixual adjunct’s VS, CZ, or VZ values show scope over a modular adjunct)
o = affixes in Slots 2, 3, and 4 have successive right-to-left scope order over each other (Slot 2 < Slot 3 < Slot 4) and have scope over the formative as a whole including any adjacent affixual adjuncts (do not use if adjacent affixual adjunct’s VS, CZ, or VZ values show scope over a modular adjunct)
NOTE: If formative Slot VIII shows default Valence + Mood/Case-Scope (and no Aspect, Phase, Level, or Effect values are shown), then any VNCN values in a modular adjunct apply as if they were the Slot VIII values. If the formative shows a non-default Slot VIII value for a certain category, and a modular adjunct shows a different value for the same category (assuming it even makes semantic sense to do so), the modular adjunct value scopes over the Slot VIII value.
Example:
Wähňainui hlešvie-willyű pra’i.
[Scope:parent]-PRL-HYP-RSM-FLC
concatenated/[default CA]:stem2/prc-‘self-involved.leisure.activity’-pur+parent:[default CA]-stem2/prc/dyn- ‘sing.a.song’-itu ma/ben+1m/ben-act
‘She and I might’ve resumed randomly bursting into snippets of
song for fun.’
The
category of Register indicates the mode of personal communication of a word or
sentence, the default unmarked value being a general narrative. Marked registers indicate intra-sentence or
intra-narrative changes in the mode of personal communication to a mode other
than a general narrative. These alternative modes of communication (i.e.,
non-narrative registers) include direct speech, a parenthetical “aside”, one’s
personal cogitation/deliberation, or an unwilled or subjective impression.
Register is indicated by a specialized adjunct placed at the start of the word or phrase constituting the registered speech, followed by a counterpart adjunct placed immediately afterward to indicate the end of the registered speech. These adjuncts constitute a single vowel-form preceded by h-. A non-narrative register clause may be pronounced with low pitch on the last word of the clause, in which case the register clause does not require the end-register final adjunct listed below. If the word/phrase within the register is a proper name or foreign word/phrase, indicate this by ending the register clause using the car end-register adjunct hü.
|
Register |
Initial Adjunct |
Final Adjunct |
1 If the identification of the preceding
referent is not a proper name, use PNT register instead. 2 Use the CAR end-adjunct marker for any
register where the referent within the register clause is a proper name or a
foreign word/phrase. |
|
|
NRR |
narrative
(default register) |
— |
— |
|
|
DSV |
discursive
(direct speech) |
ha |
(hai) |
|
|
PNT |
parenthetical
(parenthetical aside) |
he |
(hei) |
|
|
SPF |
specificative (proper name of preceding referent) 1 |
hi |
(hiu) |
|
|
EXM |
exemplificative
(‘for example, ...’) |
ho |
(hoi) |
|
|
CGT |
cogitant
(silent/subjective thoughts) |
hu |
(hui) |
|
|
END |
carrier-end end of term/phrase governed by carrier
stem/adjunct 2 |
— |
(hü) |
|
Note: Since Sec. 1.5 external juncture rules do not apply to foreign names/words, insert a pause after uttering the name/words prior to the car adjunct hü or the spf final adjunct hiu, or pronounce the last word of the proper name/phrase with low tone.
The Registers are explained in further detail below:
8.3.1 NRR
Narrative
The default register, indicating a general narrative
statement. Also used for formal narration, as when telling the events a story
from an omniscient narrator’s perspective.
Unmarked.
8.3.2 DSV Discursive
Indicates a phrase/statement represents direct speech, as in ‘His wife turned to him and said “You’ve forgotten your hat.”’ ”
8.3.3 PNT
Parenthetical
Indicates a phrase/statement is a parenthetical aside,
or the equivalent to an in-line footnote, as in ‘All equine species in Eurasia (we needn’t bother with those in the
Americas) can be shown
to be quadrupeds,’ or ‘I generally
prefer coffee to tea on summer afternoons – over ice, of course – but sometimes only a beer will do, ’
or ‘That artist’s landscapes (you should see his portraits!) are simply sublime.’
8.3.4 SPF
Specificative
Indicates the proper name of the immediately preceding
referent. Note that if the
identification of the preceding referent is not a proper name, use PNT register
instead.
8.3.5 EXM
Exemplificative
Indicates the word/phrase constitutes an illustrative
example for the preceding formative or phrase.
Translates a clause in English beginning with ‘for example,...’.
8.3.6 COG Cogitant
Indicates a phrase/statement represents silent
thoughts or beliefs. Equivalent to various devices in natural languages for
indicating silent thoughts/beliefs within a narrative, as in the use of italics
within a written paragraph, or the sudden interjection of a character’s
disembodied voice on the soundtrack of a film/video while the character
visually doesn’t open their mouth.
8.3.7 END Carrier-End
Indicates the end of a term or phrase governed either by the carrier stem or a carrier adjunct. Use the CAR end-adjunct marker for any register where the referent within the register clause is a proper name or a foreign word/phrase. (See Sec. 10.2 regarding the Carrier Stem and Sec. 8.4.1 regarding the Carrier Adjunct).
8.4 Suppletive Adjuncts
These are a series of adjuncts of
the form CP + VC
where CP is a
bi-consonantal form beginning with h-
specifying the nature of the adjunct, while VC is the case-marker from Formative Slot IX. The
tell-tale sign of these adjuncts is the initial h+consonant with no subsequent consonant forms. The last word of
the word, phrase or name identified by the adjunct can be indicated by the
adjunct form hü if necessary, or by
pronouncing that word/phrase/name with low tone.
Use of these adjuncts implies CCN Case-scope; if the case-framed word/phrase/name has non-default Case-scope, use either a full carrier-stem or a preceding adjunct to show the case-scope.
The CP affix of these adjuncts may be used in the C1 Slot of a Single--, Dual-, or Combination Referential (see Sec. 9.5). When so used, the CP affix must be preceded by a word-initial epenthetic vowel to avoid the adjunct being mistaken for a modular adjunct or a concatenated formative. See Sec. 9.6 for the specific rules involved.
8.4.1 CAR Carrier Adjunct
This is a “shortcut” for a full carrier stem, providing Case information only. It is used when the identity/nature of the foreign word(s) or proper name following the adjunct is already known to the addressee.
|
CP |
VC |
Examples: hla,
hlei, hloa, hle’e, hla’u, hli’a |
|
hl |
Same as Formative Slot IX |
8.4.2 QUO Quotative
Adjunct
This adjunct combines the Carrier Adjunct with the discursive Register Adjunct to allow direct quotes to be placed within a case-frame, useful for translating imbedded quotes within sentences such as He told me “get out of the house!”
|
CP |
VC |
Examples: hma,
hmei, hmoa, hme’e, hma’u, hmi’a |
|
hm |
Same as Formative Slot IX |
8.4.3 NAM Naming
Adjunct
This adjunct indicates that the following word is a name being referred to as such, rather than referring to the entity that bears the name, i.e., it would be used before the name Emily in the sentence ‘He said “Emily”’ as opposed to the sentence ‘He said “tell Emily” which would use the Quotative adjunct, or ‘He said to tell Emily’ which would use the Carrier adjunct.
|
CP |
VC |
Examples: hna,
hmei, hnoa, hne’e, hna’u, hni’a |
|
hn |
Same as Formative Slot IX |
8.4.4 PHR Phrasal
Adjunct
This adjunct is essentially a specialized form of the
carrier adjunct above to apply meta-level grammatical information to an entire
subsequent phrase as a whole. This is
similar to a case-frame, except that where
case-frames function solely as an equivalent to subordinate clauses in Western
languages, this adjunct causes the
subsequent phrase to become a conventionalized, (quasi-)lexicalized
gestalt. It thus serves as an equivalent
to English phrasal gestalts (often hyphenated), as in the following examples:
Hey, shit-for-brains! Stop your stumbling-around-in-the-dark behavior and watch how the know-how-to-get-things-done guy gets it
done!
“Let the kid
try, he’s from the neighborhood.” “O-oh! ‘He’s from the neighborhood!’ ” [said
sarcastically with a “big deal/so what?”
tone of voice]
Is that the
actor who starred in that aliens-invade-but-die-after-discovering-chocolate
movie?
|
CP |
VC |
Examples: hňa, hňei, hňo, hňe’e, hňa’u,
hňi’a |
|
hň |
Same as Formative Slot IX |
8.5 Bias Adjuncts
Bias adjuncts operate much like English “supra-segmental” interjections such as ‘Phew!’, ‘Damn!’, ‘tsk-tsk’, ‘Pssshhh’, ‘huh?’, ‘meh’, ‘hmmm’, etc. to establish a subjective “tone” or attitude toward a sentence as a whole. Unlike other adjuncts which function as substitutions for the morphological Slots within formatives, Bias adjuncts function independently from formatives and have semantic scope over the entire sentence (again, much like Interjections in natural languages).
Another unique quality of Bias adjuncts is that they violate the standard phonotactic rules of the language (again like the supera-segmental interjections of natural languages) by being purely consonantal in their phonetic make-up. They should be pronounced with a preceding and following pause. Each Bias adjunct has the same consonant-form as an associated lexico-semantic root phonologically structured to contain continuant and sonorant consonants so that when used as autonomous adjuncts, they may be pronounced in an exaggerated, prolonged fashion. Additionally, those ending in a voiceless stop or voiceless affricate may aspirate or even ejectivize the consonant. The Bias Adjuncts are listed below along with their meanings.
|
ACC |
ACCIDENTAL |
lf |
‘As luck would have it...’ ‘Fate has decided that...’ ‘What
luck!’ |
|
ACH |
ARCHETYPAL |
mçt |
what (a) ...!;
how . . .! ; Boy! Did (does) X ever … |
|
ADS |
ADMISSIVE |
lļ |
‘Mm-hm’ ‘Uh-huh’
(said as mere acknowledgement of a statement without any implied agreement
with or assent to the statement) |
|
ANN |
ANNUNCIATIVE |
drr |
‘Guess what!’ or
‘Wait till you hear this! |
|
ANP |
ANTICIPATIVE |
lst |
‘I’m looking
foward to this!’ |
|
APB |
APPROBATIVE |
řs |
‘(That’s)
OK’ ‘(That’s) alright’ ‘(That’s) good’ ‘(That’s) fine’ ‘Very well’
‘Sure’ |
|
APH |
APPREHENSIVE |
vvz |
‘I’m worried...’
‘I’ve got a bad feeling about this...’ |
|
ARB |
ARBITRARY |
xtļ |
‘..Yeah,
whatever...’, ‘...Ah, what the hell, I’m going ahead and....’ |
|
ATE |
ATTENTIVE |
ňj |
‘Well, whaddya
know...’ ‘Well, will you look at
that...!’ ‘Well, go figure...’ ‘Who would’ve thought...?’ ‘Well I’ll be!’ |
|
CMD |
COMEDIC |
pļļ |
‘Funny!’ ‘LOL’ |
|
CNV |
CONTENSIVE |
rrj |
‘I’m telling
you...’, ‘I told you so!’, ‘You
see?!’ |
|
COI |
COINCIDENTAL |
ššč |
‘What a
coincidence!’ |
|
CRP |
CORRUPTIVE |
gžž |
‘How corrupt!’
‘What corruption!’ |
|
CRR |
CORRECTIVE |
ňţ |
‘that is to
say…,’ ‘What I mean(t) to say is…’ ‘I mean….’ |
|
CTP |
CONTEMPTIVE |
kšš |
‘What nonsense!’
or ‘What bullshit!’ |
|
CTV |
CONTEMPLATIVE |
gvv |
‘I wonder how…,’
‘that’s odd…,’ ‘I don’t get it…,’ or a quizzical ‘hmmmm.’ |
|
DCC |
DISCONCERTIVE |
gzj |
‘I’m not sure
about this.’ ‘I don’t feel comfortable
about this.’ ‘I’m feeling out of my
element here.’ |
|
DEJ |
DEJECTIVE |
žžg |
‘(sigh)’ [of dejection/disillusionment] |
|
DES |
DESPERATIVE |
mřř |
‘I don’t know
how to say this, but…’ ‘I’m afraid that….’ ‘I’m sorry to have to tell you,
but...’ |
|
DFD |
DIFFIDENT |
cč |
‘sorry, but…’
‘It’s nothing. It’s just…’ |
|
DIS |
DISMISSIVE |
kff |
‘Is that it?’
‘Big deal!’ ‘So what!?’ |
|
DLC |
DELECTATIVE |
ẓmm |
‘Whee!’ |
|
DOL |
DOLOROUS |
řřx |
‘Ow!’
‘Ouch!’ |
|
DPB |
DISAPPROBATIVE |
ffx |
‘I don’t like
the fact that…’ ‘It bothers me that….’
‘Unacceptable!’ ‘I hate it!’ |
|
DRS |
DERISIVE |
pfc |
‘How
foolish!’ ‘How silly!’ ‘Look at how foolish/silly/ridiculous this
is!’ |
|
DUB |
DUBITATIVE |
mmf |
‘Hmm, not
likely.’ ‘I doubt it.’ ‘Sounds fishy to me’ ‘I don’t trust this/it/him/her/them...’ |
|
EUH |
EUPHORIC |
gzz |
‘(Sigh) What
bliss!’ |
|
EUP |
EUPHEMISTIC |
vvt |
‘Let’s just say
that….’ or ‘Well, let me put it this way….’ |
|
EXA |
EXASPERATIVE |
kçç |
‘Dammit!’ ‘Look, don’t you get it?…’ ‘Look, I’m
trying to tell you….’ |
|
EXG |
EXIGENT |
rrs |
‘It’s now or
never!’ |
|
FOR |
FORTUITOUS |
lzp |
‘It’s just as well that...’ or ‘All’s well that ends well...’ |
|
FSC |
FASCINATIVE |
žžj |
‘Cool!’ ‘Wow!’
‘Awesome!’ |
|
GRT |
GRATIFICATIVE |
mmh |
‘Ah! What bliss...!’ ‘Oh, there’s nothing
like….’ [physical pleasure only] |
|
IDG |
INDIGNATIVE |
pšš |
‘The nerve!’ or
‘How dare…!?” |
|
IFT |
INFATUATIVE |
vvr |
‘Praise be
to...!’ ‘Oh, thank God for...!’ ‘There’s nothing more sacred/holy/important
than...!’ |
|
IPL |
IMPLICATIVE |
vll |
‘of course,’
‘after all,’ ‘needless to say.’ |
|
IPT |
IMPATIENT |
žžv |
‘C’mon!,’
‘What’re you waiting for?’ ‘so…already!’ as in the sentence ‘So dance already!’ |
|
IRO |
IRONIC |
mmž |
‘Oh, nice!’ ‘Just great!’ ‘Well, now, isn’t this lovely!’ |
|
ISP |
INSIPID |
lçp |
‘Meh... (said due to lack of interest)’ ‘How boring/tedious/dull!’ |
|
IVD |
INVIDIOUS |
řřn |
‘Why does
he/she/they get to... and I don’t?!’
‘How unfair (that I don’t get to...)!’ |
|
MAN |
MANDATORY |
msk |
‘take it or
leave it,’ ‘this is your last chance,’ |
|
MNF |
MANIFESTIVE |
pss |
‘Ah!’, ‘Well,
now!’ ‘So!’ [Italian ‘Allora!’ ] |
|
OPT |
OPTIMAL |
ççk |
prolonged ‘so’ or ‘totally’ as in ‘I so don’t care!’ or ‘That is totally not what I meant.’ |
|
PES |
PESSIMISTIC |
ksp |
‘Yeah, like it
really matters that...’ ‘Pfft! What’s it to me?’ |
|
PPT |
PROPITIOUS |
mll |
‘it’s a wonder
that’ as in It’s a wonder he
didn’t break a bone in that fall. |
|
PPX |
PERPLEXIVE |
llh |
‘Huh? What do
you mean…? What the hell? ‘WTF!?’ ‘You
gotta be kidding me!’ |
|
PPV |
PROPOSITIVE |
sl |
‘what if…’ ‘It
could be that….’ ‘Consider this: …’ ‘Posit the following: …’ ‘Assume for the
sake of argument that….’ |
|
PSC |
PROSAIC |
žžt |
‘Meh... (said in
disappointment)’ ‘How ordinary!’ |
|
PSM |
PRESUMPTIVE |
nnţ |
‘It can only
mean one thing…,’ ‘and that’s that!’ ‘and that’s all there is to it!’ or
‘There’s no two ways about it,….’ |
|
RAC |
REACTIVE |
kll |
‘My goodness!
‘Wow!’ ‘Amazing!’ |
|
RFL |
REFLECTIVE |
llm |
‘Look at it this
way…’ ‘As I see it,…’ ‘In my opinion…’
‘From my point of view…’ |
|
RSG |
RESIGNATIVE |
msf |
‘So much
for...!’ ‘There goes...!’ |
|
RPU |
REPULSIVE |
šštļ |
‘Yuck! Ew!
How gross!’ |
|
RVL |
REVELATIVE |
mmļ |
‘No wonder…!’ or
‘So that’s why…!’ ‘A-ha!….’ ‘Well,
well, well!….’ |
|
SAT |
SATIATIVE |
ļţ |
‘How
satisfying...!’ ‘At last, the pleasue of knowing/being/seeing/doing….’
[psychological/emotional pleasure/satiety only] |
|
SGS |
SUGGESTIVE |
ltç |
‘How about...’
‘We could...’ ‘Might I suggest...’ |
|
SKP |
SKEPTICAL |
rnž |
‘Yeah,
right!’ ‘Oh, sure! Like anyone’s supposed to believe that!’ |
|
SOL |
SOLICITATIVE |
ňňs |
‘please’ |
|
STU |
STUPEFACTIVE |
ļļč |
‘Woah!’ ‘Holy, bejeezus!’ ‘What the...!’ ‘Jeez, Louise...!’ |
|
TRP |
TREPIDATIVE |
llč |
‘Oh, God…’ ‘Oh, no!….’ ‘Oh, dear!” [fear-based] |
|
VEX |
VEXATIVE |
ksk |
‘How annoying!’
‘What a bother!’ ‘What a pain!’ |
8.6 PSG The
Parsing Adjunct
The parsing adjunct has already been explained in Sec. 2.7, Pragraph No. 5.